IGCSE Sociology Unit 2 – Culture, identity and Socialization Practice Test

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• The idea that people construct (i.e., create, make, invent) their understandings of the world and the meanings they give to social situations and events. They do not exist in nature as independent things. (Example: money, gender, culture,...)
• The expected behavior associated with being male.
• How can globalization lead to cultural hybridization?
• Which concept refers to parts of society that have their own norms and values, such as the family and the school system?
• What term describes any situation in which two or more people have social contact with each other?
• Rules that are given force by being formalized by governments.
• Why are media representations important for identity formation?
• How can education challenge inequality?
• Which term refers to formal rules enacted by the state to regulate behavior?
• Which term refers to people of the same status, such as the same age or the same job?
• In the nature-nurture debate, which factor refers to the influence of biology on behavior?
• Which of the following best exemplifies deterrence in a non-criminal context?
• Refers to cultural differences such as language and religion as well as place of origin.
• What term refers to age-based groups sharing similar status and roles?
• An example of specific deterrence would be a sentence designed to ...
• Which concept refers to the nonformal, everyday means by which society regulates behavior?
• Cultural diffusion refers to which of the following?
• What are the norms in a society that are widely accepted and carry on across generations?
• A criticism of deterrence claims is that it may overlook root causes like poverty and inequality.
• Which term describes a smaller ethnic group within a larger society?
• Which term describes the classification of people into upper, middle, and working class?
• An ethnic group relatively small in number compared with the majority is called what?
• The complex process by which different cultures around the world are increasingly aware of, interact with and influence each other.
• What is the difference between individual and collective identity?
• Which statement best describes sanctions?
• Which idea refers to the ways in which societies and their institutions remain stable over time?
• Which of the following lists are common agents of socialization?
• In what ways can identity be both stable and fluid in contemporary society?
• Which of the following is an example of a national symbol used to evoke identity?
• What term means evaluating cultures on their own context?
• How parents and others encourage some behavior and discourage other behavior.
• How does socialization relate to role theory?
• What term describes the behavior that societies expect of their members in particular situations?
• A position that someone has in a society; which can be ascribed or achieved.
• Which statement best describes deterrence in sociology?
• Which statement about deterrence is often debated in sociology?
• What is social identity theory and its implications for group behavior?
• Consists of different ways and agents in order to make members of society conform to norms and values.
• In deterrence theory, what is 'certainty' of punishment?
• Gender socialization in different cultural contexts.
• How do peer groups influence identity formation during adolescence?
• What is one key effect of cultural capital on social advantage?
• Which factor refers to the influence of society and culture on human behavior in the nature/nurture debate?
• What is a hallmark of primary socialization?
• How does peer pressure influence adolescent identity?
• The typical way of life of an individual, group or culture.
• Which concept involves using rewards or punishments to regulate behavior in a society?
• What does intersectionality help explain about social advantage and disadvantage?
• Considering all cultures on their own terms rather than from a Western point of view.
• Where does socialization primarily occur?
• Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status?
• Explain how stereotypes influence socialization and identity.
• What is cultural relativism?
• Which of the following best describes subcultures and countercultures?
• Which term denotes the first and most important period of socialization during which basic norms are learned?
• Which term describes the patterns of behavior that are expected of females in a society?
• Ways of rewarding or punishing acceptable or unacceptable behavior, but usually used in the sense of punishment (negative).
• Cultural diffusion can alter identities by blending customs, foods, and languages.
• A society in which children are highly valued and a lot of time and effort are devoted to their well-being?
• Which term denotes the set of routines and practices that characterizes a group beyond explicit norms?
• How do subcultures resist or accommodate dominant culture?
• Which statement best explains why gender socialization occurs in many cultures?
• Acculturation occurs due to contact with another culture or immigration. Which statement best describes this process?
• Which concept describes a society that prioritizes children's well-being?
• What is the difference between cultural diffusion and acculturation?
• In role theory, what guides an individual's actions within a social position?
• 'Wild' children who have not been socialized.
• Which pair illustrates high culture and popular culture?
• The first and most important period of socialization in which the individual learns the basic norms of behavior is called what?
• In schools, what does the term hidden curriculum refer to?
• Which term refers to social control enforced by the police, courts, or military?
• A group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values.
• What is a key difference between individual and collective identity?
• The roles and expectations associated with being male or female (the way society says you should act according to your sex).
• Which form of deterrence uses the threat of punishment to prevent future offenses by the individual offender?
• General agreement across a society on a set of values.
• What is the term for the influence that a peer group has to force or persuade its members to conform to norms and values?
• Compare duration and impact of primary vs secondary socialization on identity.
• Which term refers to the idea that globalization leads to a single culture shared worldwide?
• Standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge whether behavior is right or wrong.
• Which type of deterrence is aimed at preventing a particular individual from reoffending?
• How do rituals contribute to social cohesion?
• Which Of The Following Is A Potential Benefit Of Deterrence, Rather Than A Critique?
• A form of social stratification in which people are grouped at different levels in the social hierarchy, the most common of which are the upper, middle and working class.
• A position that someone has in a society; which can be ascribed (fixed by others) or achieved.
• What is informal social control and its mechanisms?
• Which term describes discouraging actions by instilling fear of punishment?
• Define patriarchy and explain its relevance to gender socialization.
• Which term best describes the variety of cultures within a society?
• When someone finds that the demands of two or more of their roles clash with each other.
• Which statement best describes the effect of globalization and media on contemporary culture?
• What term denotes a positive sanction that praises or improves someone's situation?
• General deterrence differs from specific deterrence in that general deterrence is aimed at deterring the public from committing crimes.
• In what way can stereotypes lead to bias?
• Which concept refers to a set of ideas about social order created by people rather than discovered?
• Role of education in reproducing or challenging social inequality.
• What does consumer culture emphasize about identity?
• Which mechanisms sustain the transmission of culture across generations?
• How can cultural identities be intersectional?
• Later socialization, usually involving learning more specific norms for particular statuses and roles, reinforcing what is learnt in the primary stage. Normally thought to start from the age of approximately 5 years. It's a lifelong process.
• What is one effect of globalization and media on contemporary culture?
• Which term describes the period of growing up between childhood and adulthood?
• Why is it important to study socialization across the life course?
• Which statement best summarizes how culture through socialization shapes identity?
• Which of the following is an example of a subculture?
• Which term describes belonging to the age group of those advanced in years?
• What is a formal sanction? Provide examples in daily life.
• What is the difference between sex and gender?
• Which term describes the state of being accepted by culture as a full member?
• Social control imposed by a person or organization who has the authority to implement rules or laws.
• Which influence occurs when peers encourage individuals to conform to a group's norms and values?
• The expected behavior associated with being female.
• How do values, norms, and sanctions differ?
• A sub-culture of adolescents or young adults that is usually distinguishable by their style, dress and musical preference.
• Which concept describes the process by which individuals adapt their behavior to align with group expectations?
• When socialization is incomplete or ineffective.
• When pupils learn in schools apart from the content of lessons, such as the importance of following rules and the consequences of not doing so.
• Which term describes a society in which many different cultures or sub-cultures exist alongside each other?
• Culture shock is best described as which of the following?
• What term describes the way of life of a society, including language, beliefs, values, customs, and roles?
• What is the term for the use or threat of force to make someone conform to norms?
• The attributes that people think characterize a group, often wrongly.
• How do formal sanctions differ from informal social controls?
• Non-material culture includes which components?
• Which term best describes the coexistence of diverse cultures within a single society?
• The stage of development between childhood and adulthood is called?
• Excluding someone from the community or group is called what?
• Which statement best describes informal social control mechanisms?
• Acting as an example so that this behavior is copied by others.
• What is the function of rites of passage in socialization?
• Which term refers to the wide differences between human cultures?
• How does language contribute to cultural identity?
• Behavior that is expected of someone because of their status in society.
• Which term describes a positive sanction given for good behavior?
• Which term describes a society formed by multiple cultures living side by side within a shared political framework?
• Ethnocentrism is the practice of...
• Young children learning by copying the behavior of others.
• Being male or female (based on biological indicators such as XX and XY chromosomes).
• What is the difference between collectivist and individualist cultures?
• Which term refers to the social category of being male or female as defined by society?
• Explain cultural transmission through childhood socialization in non-Western contexts.
• What is the role of peer groups in identity formation?
• Which statement best distinguishes high culture from popular culture?
• Which concept describes general agreement across a society on a set of values?
• The period before adulthood, in which individuals are not granted full adult rights.
• Which term best describes the process by which children are guided into activities believed appropriate for their gender?
• Where does primary socialization primarily occur?
• Which term best describes the spread of cultures through global contact?
• Which elements contribute to national identity?
• What is cultural capital and who coined the term?
• What are the main agents of socialization in schools?
• Which of the following best illustrates deterrence by punishment?
• What is the role of family in socializing gender roles?
• Channelling children towards activities considered appropriate for them because of gender?
• What role do agents of socialization generally include?
• Which statement best distinguishes culture from society?
• Cultural relativism helps avoid ethnocentrism by...
• Ascribed vs achieved status with school examples.
• The social construction of reality suggests our perceptions are shaped by social processes. Which example illustrates this concept?
• A key assumption of deterrence theory is that people weigh perceived costs and benefits before deciding to commit a crime.
• What is cultural lag?
• Which statement best describes how class and religion interact to shape identity?
• Which term refers to supposed biological differences between different groups of people?
• Which statement best captures a limitation of deterrence theory?
• Statements that people hold to be true, (no need for proof)
• What is the hidden curriculum in schooling?
• How does ethnicity form part of cultural identity?
• Ways of controlling behavior imposed by people without a formal role to do (such as family, education system, media and peers).
• Acting according to norms and social expectations (change of behavior or belief in order to fit in with a group/society).
• Which term describes individuals' perception of themselves based partly on how others view them, often tied to social roles or groups they belong to?
• Which term refers to the system of expectations and duties assigned to a person based on their status?
• How do religious beliefs function as agents of socialization?
• In evaluating deterrence, researchers emphasize that punishment must be swift, certain, and proportional.
• The use or threat of force to make someone conform to norms and values in society.
• How does media literacy relate to understanding culture and identity?
• Which term describes a group within a larger culture with its own distinctive norms and values?
• Which term describes children learning by copying others' actions?
• Which statement describes primary socialization?
• Which term refers to the standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge whether behavior is right or wrong?
• Which concept explains the stability of a society's large institutions over time?